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<title>Maya script</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maya script</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Since Maya <a href="Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> can be read either as <a href="Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> or as <a href="Morpheme" title="Morpheme">entire words (morphemes)</a>, this article uses <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">

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</style><span class="smallcaps">small caps</span> to mark morphemic readings and lowercase for syllabic readings.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:mistyrose;">Maya script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Maya glyphs were highly complex and often carved into stone.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Logosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logosyllabic">Logosyllabic</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century BCE to 16th century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Mixed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">Maya</span> <span class="monospaced">(090)</span>, Mayan hieroglyphs</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/">None<br>(tentative range U+15500–U+159FF)</a></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #66FF9A;"><a href="Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Entheogenics_and_the_Maya" title="Entheogenics and the Maya">Use of entheogens</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Maya script</b>, also known as <b>Maya glyphs</b>, is historically the native <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> of the <a href="Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> of <a href="Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and is the only <a href="Mesoamerican_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican writing system">Mesoamerican writing system</a> that has been substantially deciphered. The earliest inscriptions found which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BCE in <a href="San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo</a>, <a href="Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maya writing was in continuous use throughout Mesoamerica until the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries. Though modern <a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> are almost entirely written using the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> rather than Maya script,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there have been recent developments encouraging a revival of the Maya glyph system.

</p><p>Maya writing used <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> complemented with a set of <a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> <a href="Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>, somewhat similar in function to modern <a href="Japanese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese writing">Japanese writing</a>. Maya writing was called "hieroglyphics" or <a href="Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> by early European explorers of the 18th and 19th centuries who found its general appearance reminiscent of <a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, although the two systems are unrelated.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div>

<p>Evidence suggests that codices and other classic texts were written by <a href="Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a>—usually members of the <a href="Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Maya priesthood</a>—in <a href="Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic Maya</a>, a literary form of the extinct <a href="Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the Maya elite spoke this language as a <i><a href="Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> over the entire Maya-speaking area, but texts were also written in other <a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> of the <a href="Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén</a> and <a href="Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>, especially <a href="Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec</a>. There is also some evidence that the script may have been occasionally used to write Mayan languages of the <a href="Guatemalan_Highlands" title="Guatemalan Highlands">Guatemalan Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if other languages were written, they may have been written by Chʼoltiʼ scribes, and therefore have Chʼoltiʼ elements.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two different ways of writing the word <i>bʼalam</i> '<a href="Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>' in the Maya script – first, as a <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a> representing the entire word with the single glyph <span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>, and then, phonetically using the three syllable signs <i>bʼa</i>, <i>la</i>, and <i>ma</i></div></div></div></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three ways to write <i>bʼalam</i> using combinations of the logogram with the syllabic signs as phonetic complements. From left to right: <i>bʼa</i>-<span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>, <span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>-<i>ma</i>, and <i>bʼa</i>-<span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>-<i>ma</i></div></div></div></div>

<p>Mayan writing consisted of a relatively elaborate and complex set of glyphs, which were laboriously painted on ceramics, walls and bark-paper <a href="Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, carved in wood or stone, and molded in <a href="Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>. Carved and molded glyphs were painted, but the paint has rarely survived. As of 2008, the sound of about 80% of Maya writing could be read and the meaning of about 60% could be understood with varying degrees of certainty, enough to give a comprehensive idea of its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Maya texts were usually written in blocks arranged in columns two blocks wide, with each block corresponding to a noun or verb <a href="Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a>. The blocks within the columns were read left to right, top to bottom, and would be repeated until there were no more columns left. Within a block, glyphs were arranged top-to-bottom and left-to-right (similar to Korean <a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> syllabic blocks). Glyphs were sometimes <a href="Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">conflated into ligatures</a>, where an element of one glyph would replace part of a second. In place of the standard block configuration, Maya was also sometimes written in a single row or column, or in an 'L' or 'T' shape. These variations most often appeared when they would better fit the surface being inscribed.

</p><p>The Maya script was a <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logosyllabic</a> system with some <a href="Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">syllabogrammatic</a> elements. Individual glyphs or symbols could represent either a <a href="Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> or a <a href="Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, and the same glyph could often be used for both. Because of these dual readings, it is customary to write logographic readings in <a href="All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a> and phonetic readings in italics or bold. For example, a calendaric glyph can be read as the morpheme <span class="smallcaps">manikʼ</span> or as the syllable <i>chi</i>.

</p><p>Glyphs used as syllabograms were originally logograms for single-syllable words, usually those that ended in a vowel or in a weak consonant such as <i>y, w, h,</i> or <a href="Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. For example, the logogram for 'fish fin'—found in two forms, as a fish fin and as a fish with prominent fins—was read as [kah] and came to represent the syllable <i>ka</i>. These syllabic glyphs performed two primary functions: as phonetic complements to disambiguate logograms which had more than one reading (similar to ancient Egyptian and modern Japanese <i><a href="Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a></i>); and to write grammatical elements such as verbal inflections which did not have dedicated logograms (similar to Japanese <i><a href="Okurigana" title="Okurigana">okurigana</a></i>). For example, <i>bʼalam</i> 'jaguar' could be written as a single logogram, <span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>; a logogram with syllable additions, as <i>ba-</i><span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>, or <span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span><i>-ma,</i> or <i>bʼa-</i><span class="smallcaps">bʼalam</span>-<i>ma</i>; or written completely phonetically with syllabograms as <i>bʼa-la-ma.</i>

</p><p>In addition, some syllable glyphs were <a href="Homophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophones">homophones</a>, such as the six different glyphs used to write the very common <a href="Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a> pronoun <i>u-</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonic_and_disharmonic_echo_vowels">Harmonic and disharmonic echo vowels</h3></div>

<p>Phonetic glyphs stood for simple consonant-vowel (CV) or vowel-only (V) syllables. However, Mayan <a href="Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> is slightly more complicated than this. Most Mayan words end with consonants, and there may be sequences of two consonants within a word as well, as in <i>xolteʼ</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃolteʔ]</span> 'scepter') which is CVCCVC. When these final consonants were <a href="Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> <i>(l, m, n)</i> or <a href="Guttural" title="Guttural">gutturals</a> <i>(j, h, ʼ)</i> they were sometimes ignored ("underspelled"). More often, final consonants were written, which meant that an extra vowel was written as well. This was typically an <a href="Echo_vowel" title="Echo vowel">"echo" vowel</a> that repeated the vowel of the previous syllable. For example, the word [kah] 'fish fin' would be underspelled <i>ka</i> or written in full as <i>ka-ha</i>. However, there are many cases where some other vowel was used, and the orthographic rules for this are only partially understood; this is largely due to the difficulty in ascertaining whether this vowel may be due to an underspelled suffix.

</p><p><a href="#CITEREFLacadenaWichmann2004">Lacadena & Wichmann (2004)</a> proposed the following conventions:

</p>

<ul><li>A CVC syllable was written <i>CV-CV,</i> where the two vowels (V) were the same: <i>yo-po</i> [yop] 'leaf'</li>

<li>A syllable with a long vowel (CVVC) was written <i>CV-Ci,</i> unless the long vowel was [i], in which case it was written <i>CiCa: ba-ki</i> [baak] 'captive', <i>yi-tzi-na</i> [yihtziin] 'younger brother'</li>

<li>A syllable with a <a href="Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> vowel (CVʼC or CVʼVC) was written with a final <i>a</i> if the vowel was [e, o, u], or with a final <i>u</i> if the vowel was [a] or [i]: <i>hu-na</i> [huʼn] 'paper', <i>ba-tzʼu</i> [baʼtsʼ] 'howler monkey'.</li>

<li>Preconsonantal [h] is not indicated.</li></ul>

<p>In short, if the vowels are the same (harmonic), a simple vowel is intended. If the vowels are not the same (disharmonic), either two syllables are intended (likely underspelled), or else a single syllable with a long vowel (if V<sub>1</sub> = [a e? o u] and V<sub>2</sub> = [i], or else if V<sub>1</sub> = [i] and V<sub>2</sub> = [a]) or with a glottalized vowel (if V<sub>1</sub> = [e? o u] and V<sub>2</sub> = [a], or else if V<sub>1</sub> = [a i] and V<sub>2</sub> = [u]). The long-vowel reading of [Ce-Ci] is still uncertain, and there is a possibility that [Ce-Cu] represents a glottalized vowel (if it is not simply an underspelling for [CeCuC]), so it may be that the disharmonies form natural classes: [i] for long non-front vowels, otherwise [a] to keep it disharmonic; [u] for glottalized non-back vowels, otherwise [a].

</p><p>A more complex spelling is <i>ha-o-bo ko-ko-no-ma</i> for [haʼoʼb kohknoʼm] 'they are the guardians'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minimal set is,

</p>

<li><i>ba-ku</i> [baʼk] = [baʼak]</li>

<li><i>ba-ke</i> [baakel] (underspelled)</li>

<li><i>ba-ke-le</i> [baakel]</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_inflections">Verbal inflections</h3></div>

<p>Despite depending on consonants which were frequently not written, the Mayan <a href="Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a> system was reliably indicated. For instance, the paradigm for a transitive verb with a CVC root is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202066_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202066-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Verbal inflections in Mayan writing

</caption>

<th scope="col">Voice

</th>

<th scope="col">Transliteration

</th>

<th scope="col">Transcription

</th>

<th scope="col">Gloss

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active</a>

</th>

<td>u-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TZUTZ</span></span>-wa

</td>

<td><i>utzutzuw</i>

</td>

<td>"(s)he finished it"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive</a>

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TZUTZ</span></span>-tza-ja

</td>

</td>

<td>"it was finished"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Mediopassive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediopassive">Mediopassive</a>

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TZUTZ</span></span>-yi

</td>

<td><i>tzutzuy</i>

</td>

<td>"it got finished"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Antipassive" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipassive">Antipassive</a>

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TZUTZ</span></span>-wi

</td>

<td><i>tzutzuw</i>

</td>

<td>"(s)he finished"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Participial" class="mw-redirect" title="Participial">Participial</a>

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TZUTZ</span></span>-li

</td>

<td><i>tzutzul</i>

</td>

<td>"finished"

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The active suffix did not participate in the harmonic/disharmonic system seen in roots, but rather was always <i>-wa</i>.

</p><p>However, the language changed over 1500 years, and there were dialectal differences as well, which are reflected in the script, as seen next for the verb "(s)he sat" (<span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is an <a href="Infix" title="Infix">infix</a> in the root <i>chum</i> for the <a href="Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202072_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202072-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Change in passive voice for <i>chum</i>

</caption>

<th scope="col">Period

</th>

<th scope="col">Transliteration

</th>

<th scope="col">Transcription

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Late Preclassic

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CHUM</span></span>?

</td>

<td><i>chu[h]m</i>?

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Early Classic

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CHUM</span></span>-ja

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Classic (Eastern Chʼolan)

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CHUM</span></span>[mu]la-ja

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Late Classic (Western Chʼolan)

</th>

<td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CHUM</span></span>[mu]wa-ni

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblem_glyphs">Emblem glyphs</h2></div>

<p>An "emblem glyph" is a kind of royal title. It consists of a place name followed by the word <i><a href="Ajaw" title="Ajaw">ajaw</a></i>, a Classic Maya term for "lord" with an unclear but well-attested etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz199831–64_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz199831–64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the title is introduced by an adjective <i>kʼuhul</i> ("holy, divine" or "sacred"), resulting in the construction "holy [placename] lord". However, an "emblem glyph" is not a "glyph" at all: it can be spelled with any number of syllabic or logographic signs and several alternative spellings are attested for the words <i>kʼuhul</i> and <i>ajaw</i>, which form the stable core of the title. "Emblem glyph" simply reflects the time when Mayanists could not read Classic Maya inscriptions and used a term to isolate specific recurring structural components of the written narratives, and other remaining examples of Maya orthography.

</p><p>This title was identified in 1958 by Heinrich Berlin, who coined the term "emblem glyph".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlin noticed that the "emblem glyphs" consisted of a larger "main sign" and two smaller signs now read as <i>kʼuhul ajaw</i>. Berlin also noticed that while the smaller elements remained relatively constant, the main sign changed from site to site. Berlin proposed that the main signs identified individual cities, their ruling dynasties, or the territories they controlled. Subsequently, <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1976">Marcus (1976)</a> argued that the "emblem glyphs" referred to archaeological sites, or more so the prominence and standing of the site, broken down in a 5-tiered hierarchy of asymmetrical distribution. Marcus' research assumed that the emblem glyphs were distributed in a pattern of relative site importance depending on broadness of distribution, roughly broken down as follows: <b>Primary regional centers (capitals)</b> (<a href="Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, <a href="Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>, and other "superpowers") were generally first in the region to acquire a unique emblem glyph(s). Texts referring to other primary regional centers occur in the texts of these "capitals", and dependencies exist which use the primary center's glyph. <b>Secondary centers</b> (<a href="Altun_Ha" title="Altun Ha">Altun Ha</a>, <a href="Lubaantun" title="Lubaantun">Lubaantun</a>, <a href="Xunantunich" title="Xunantunich">Xunantunich</a>, and other mid-sized cities) had their own glyphs but are only rarely mentioned in texts found in the primary regional center, while repeatedly mentioning the regional center in their own texts. <b>Tertiary centers</b> (towns) had no glyphs of their own, but have texts mentioning the primary regional centers and perhaps secondary regional centers on occasion. These were followed by the <b>villages</b> with no emblem glyphs and no texts mentioning the larger centers, and <b>hamlets</b> with little evidence of texts at all.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model was largely unchallenged for over a decade until Mathews and Justeson,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews1991_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1991-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Houston,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouston1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouston1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued once again that the "emblem glyphs" were the titles of Maya rulers with some geographical association.

</p><p>The debate on the nature of "emblem glyphs" received a new spin in <a href="#CITEREFStuartHouston1994">Stuart & Houston (1994)</a>. The authors demonstrated that there were many place-names-proper, some real, some mythological, mentioned in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. Some of these place names also appeared in the "emblem glyphs", some were attested in the "titles of origin" (expressions like "a person from Lubaantun"), but some were not incorporated in personal titles at all. Moreover, the authors also highlighted the cases when the "titles of origin" and the "emblem glyphs" did not overlap, building upon Houston's earlier research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouston199397–101_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouston199397–101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houston noticed that the establishment and spread of the Tikal-originated dynasty in the Petexbatun region was accompanied by the proliferation of rulers using the Tikal "emblem glyph" placing political and dynastic ascendancy above the current seats of rulership.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent investigations also emphasize the use of emblem glyphs as an <a href="Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">emic</a> identifier to shape socio-political self-identity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerical_system">Numerical system</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya numerals</a></div>

<p>The Mayas used a positional base-twenty (<a href="Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>) numerical system which only included whole numbers. For simple counting operations, a bar and dot notation was used. The dot represents 1 and the bar represents 5. A shell was used to represent zero. Numbers from 6 to 19 are formed combining bars and dots, and can be written horizontally or vertically.

</p><p>Numbers over 19 are written vertically and read from the bottom to the top as powers of 20. The bottom number represents numbers from 0 to 20, so the symbol shown does not need to be multiplied. The second line from the bottom represents the amount of 20s there are, so that number is multiplied by 20. The third line from the bottom represents the amount of 400s, so it is multiplied by 400; the fourth by 8000; the fifth by 160,000, etc. Each successive line is an additional power of twenty (similar to how in <a href="Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, additional powers of 10 are added to the left of the first digit). This positional system allows the calculation of large figures, necessary for chronology and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>It was until recently thought that the Maya may have adopted writing from the <a href="Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmec</a> or <a href="Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec culture</a>, who used the <a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian script</a>. However, murals excavated in 2005 have pushed back the origin of Maya writing by several centuries, and it now seems possible that the Maya were the ones who invented writing in Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaturnoStuartBeltrán20061281–1283_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaturnoStuartBeltrán20061281–1283-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly consensus is that the Maya developed the only <a href="Writing_system#Complete_and_partial_writing_systems" title="Writing system">complete writing system</a> in <a href="Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992preface_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992preface-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>

Knowledge of the Maya writing system continued into the early colonial era and reportedly a few of the early <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> priests who went to <a href="Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> learned it. However, as part of his campaign to eradicate pagan rites, Bishop <a href="Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> ordered the collection and destruction of written Maya works, and a sizable number of <a href="Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> were destroyed. Later, seeking to use their native language to convert the Maya to Christianity, he derived what he believed to be a Maya "alphabet" (the so-called <a href="De_Landa_alphabet" title="De Landa alphabet">de Landa alphabet</a>). Although the Maya did not actually write alphabetically, nevertheless he recorded a glossary of Maya sounds and related symbols, which was long dismissed as nonsense (for instance, by leading Mayanist <a href="J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">J. E. S. Thompson</a> in his 1950 book <i>Maya Hieroglyphic Writing</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually became a key resource in <a href="Decipherment" title="Decipherment">deciphering</a> the Maya script. The difficulty was that there was no simple correspondence between the two systems, and the names of the letters of the Spanish alphabet meant nothing to Landa's Maya scribe, so Landa ended up asking things like <i>write "ha": "hache–a",</i> and glossed a part of the result as "H," which, in reality, was written as a-che-a in Maya glyphs.</p><p> Landa was also involved in creating an <a href="Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, or a system of writing, for the <a href="Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya language</a> using the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. This was the first Latin orthography for any of the Mayan languages, which number around thirty.

</p><p>For many years, only three <a href="Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> were known to have survived the conquistadors; this was expanded with the 2015 authentication of the <a href="Grolier_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Grolier Codex">Grolier Codex</a> as the fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most surviving texts are found on pottery recovered from Maya tombs, or from <a href="Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> and <a href="Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> erected in sites which were abandoned or buried before the arrival of the Spanish.

</p><p>Knowledge of the writing system was lost, probably by the end of the 16th century. Renewed interest in it was sparked by published accounts of <a href="List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">ruined Maya sites</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decipherment">Decipherment</h2></div>

<p>Deciphering Maya writing has proven a long and laborious process. 19th-century and early 20th-century investigators managed to decode the <a href="Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and portions of the texts related to <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and the <a href="Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a>, but understanding of most of the rest long eluded scholars. In the 1930s, <a href="Benjamin_Whorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Whorf">Benjamin Whorf</a> wrote a number of published and unpublished essays, proposing to identify phonetic elements within the writing system. Although some specifics of his decipherment claims were later shown to be incorrect, the central argument of his work, that Maya hieroglyphs were phonetic (or more specifically, syllabic), was later supported by the work of <a href="Yuri_Knorozov" title="Yuri Knorozov">Yuri Knorozov</a> (1922–1999), who played a major role in deciphering Maya writing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Napoleon_Cordy" title="Napoleon Cordy">Napoleon Cordy</a> also made some notable contributions in the 1930s and 1940s to the early study and decipherment of Maya script, also arguing for some share of phonetic signs in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1952 Knorozov published the paper "Ancient Writing of Central America", arguing that the so-called "de Landa alphabet" contained in <a href="Bishop_Diego_de_Landa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Diego de Landa">Bishop Diego de Landa</a>'s manuscript <i>Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán</i> was made of <a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a>, rather than <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> symbols. He further improved his decipherment technique in his 1963 <a href="Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> "The Writing of the Maya Indians"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published translations of Maya manuscripts in his 1975 work "Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts". In the 1960s, progress revealed the dynastic records of Maya rulers. Since the early 1980s scholars have demonstrated that most of the previously unknown symbols form a <a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, and progress in reading the Maya writing has advanced rapidly since.

</p><p>As Knorozov's early essays contained several older readings already published in the late 19th century by <a href="Cyrus_Thomas" title="Cyrus Thomas">Cyrus Thomas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992151_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992151-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> editors added propagandistic claims<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992147_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992147-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the effect that Knorozov was using a peculiarly "<a href="Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a>" approach to decipherment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992147_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992147-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Western <a href="Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanists</a> simply dismissed Knorozov's work. However, in the 1960s, more came to see the syllabic approach as potentially fruitful, and possible phonetic readings for symbols whose general meaning was understood from context began to develop. Prominent older epigrapher <a href="J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">J. Eric S. Thompson</a> was one of the last major opponents of Knorozov and the syllabic approach. Thompson's disagreements are sometimes said to have held back advances in decipherment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992125–144_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992125–144-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="#CITEREFCoe1992">Coe (1992</a>, p. 164) says "the major reason was that almost the entire Mayanist field was in willing thrall to one very dominant scholar, Eric Thompson". <a href="Galina_Yershova" title="Galina Yershova">Galina Yershova</a>, a student of Knorozov's, stated that reception of Knorozov's work was delayed only by authority of Thompson, and thus has nothing to do with <a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> – "But he (Knorozov) did not even suspect what a storm of hatred his success had caused in the head of the American school of Mayan studies, Eric Thompson. And the Cold War was absolutely nothing to do with it. An Englishman by birth, Eric Thompson, after learning about the results of the work of a young Soviet scientist, immediately realized 'who got the victory'."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>In 1959, examining what she called "a peculiar pattern of dates" on stone monument inscriptions at the Classic Maya site of <a href="Piedras_Negras%2C_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedras Negras, Guatemala">Piedras Negras</a>, Russian-American scholar <a href="Tatiana_Proskouriakoff" title="Tatiana Proskouriakoff">Tatiana Proskouriakoff</a> determined that these represented events in the lifespan of an individual, rather than relating to religion, astronomy, or prophecy, as held by the "old school" exemplified by Thompson. This proved to be true of many Maya inscriptions, and revealed the Maya <a href="Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> record to be one relating actual histories of ruling individuals: dynastic histories similar in nature to those recorded in other human cultures throughout the world. Suddenly, the Maya entered written history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992167–184_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992167–184-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although it was then clear what was on many Maya inscriptions, they still could not literally be read. However, further progress was made during the 1960s and 1970s, using a multitude of approaches including <a href="Pattern_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern analysis">pattern analysis</a>, de Landa's "alphabet", Knorozov's breakthroughs, and others. In the story of Maya decipherment, the work of <a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a>, art historians, epigraphers, <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>, and <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> cannot be separated. All contributed to a process that was truly and essentially multidisciplinary. Key figures included <a href="David_Kelley_(Mayanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kelley (Mayanist)">David Kelley</a>, <a href="Ian_Graham" title="Ian Graham">Ian Graham</a>, Gilette Griffin, and <a href="Michael_Coe" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Coe">Michael Coe</a>.

</p><p>A new wave of breakthroughs occurred in the early 1970s, in particular at the first Mesa Redonda de Palenque, a scholarly conference organized by <a href="Merle_Greene_Robertson" title="Merle Greene Robertson">Merle Greene Robertson</a> at the Maya site of <a href="Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> and held in December, 1973. A <a href="Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> consisting of <a href="Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Linda Schele</a>, then a studio artist and art instructor, <a href="Floyd_Lounsbury" title="Floyd Lounsbury">Floyd Lounsbury</a>, a linguist from <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, and <a href="Peter_Mathews_(Mayanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Mathews (Mayanist)">Peter Mathews</a>, then an undergraduate student of David Kelley's at the <a href="University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> (whom Kelley sent because he could not attend). In one afternoon they reconstructed most of the <a href="King_list" class="mw-redirect" title="King list">dynastic list</a> of <a href="Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, building on the earlier work of Heinrich Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992204–205_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992204–205-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By identifying a sign as an important royal title (now read as the recurring name <i>Kʼinich</i>), the group was able to identify and read the life histories (from birth, to accession to the throne, to death) of six kings of Palenque.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992205_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992205-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palenque was the focus of much epigraphic work through the late 1970s, but linguistic decipherment of texts remained very limited.

</p><p>From that point, progress proceeded rapidly. Scholars such as J. Kathryn Josserand, <a href="Nick_Hopkins" title="Nick Hopkins">Nick Hopkins</a> and others published findings that helped to construct a Mayan vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "old school" continued to resist the results of the new scholarship for some time. A decisive event which helped to turn the tide in favor of the new approach occurred in 1986, at an exhibition entitled "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", organized by <a href="InterCultura" title="InterCultura">InterCultura</a> and the <a href="Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a> and curated by Schele and by Yale art historian <a href="Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Mary Miller</a>. This exhibition and its attendant catalogue—and international publicity—revealed to a wide audience the new world which had latterly been opened up by progress in decipherment of Maya hieroglyphics. Not only could a real history of ancient America now be read and understood, but the light it shed on the material remains of the Maya showed them to be real, recognisable individuals. They stood revealed as a people with a history like that of all other human societies: full of wars, dynastic struggles, shifting political alliances, complex religious and artistic systems, expressions of personal property and ownership and the like. Moreover, the new interpretation, as the exhibition demonstrated, made sense out of many works of art whose meaning had been unclear and showed how the material culture of the Maya represented a fully integrated cultural system and world-view. Gone was the old Thompson view of the Maya as peaceable astronomers without conflict or other attributes characteristic of most human societies.

</p><p>However, three years later, in 1989, supporters who continued to resist the modern decipherment interpretation made their last argument against it. This occurred at a conference at <a href="Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. It did not directly attack the methodology or results of decipherment, but instead contended that the ancient Maya texts had indeed been read but were "epiphenomenal". This argument was extended from a populist perspective to say that the deciphered texts tell only about the concerns and beliefs of the society's elite, and not about the ordinary Maya. In opposition to this idea, Michael Coe described "epiphenomenal" as "a ten penny word meaning that Maya writing is only of marginal application since it is secondary to those more primary institutions—economics and society—so well studied by the dirt archaeologists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992268_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992268-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Linda Schele noted following the conference that this is like saying that the inscriptions of ancient Egypt—or the writings of Greek philosophers or historians—do not reveal anything important about their cultures.

</p><p>Over 90 percent of the Maya texts can now be read with reasonable accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, at least one phonetic glyph was known for each of the syllables marked green in this chart. /tʼ/ is rare. /pʼ/ is not found, and is thought to have been a later innovation in the Ch'olan and Yucatecan languages.

</p>

<caption>Syllables for which at least one phonetic glyph has been found<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>y

</th></tr>

<th>a

</th>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<th>e

</th>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<th>i

</th>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<th>o

</th>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<th>u

</th>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllables">Syllables</h2></div>

<p>Syllables are in the form of consonant + vowel. The top line contains individual vowels. In the left column are the consonants with their pronunciation instructions. The apostrophe ' represents the glottal stop. There are different variations of the same character in the table cell. Blank cells are bytes whose characters are not yet known.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</th>

<th colspan="5">Main Glyphs

</th>

</th>

<th colspan="5">Affixable Glyphs

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>-u

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>-<br>/ʔ/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>-<br>/ʔ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>b-<br>/ɓ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>b-<br>/ɓ/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>ch-<br>/t͡ʃ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th>ch-<br>/t͡ʃ/

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>ch’-<br>/t͡ʃʼ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th>ch’-<br>/t͡ʃʼ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>h-<br>/h/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>h-<br>/h/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>j-<br>/x/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>j-<br>/x/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>k-<br>/k/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th>k-<br>/k/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>k’-<br>/k’/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>k’-<br>/k’/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>l-<br>/l/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>l-<br>/l/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>m-<br>/m/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>m-<br>/m/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>n-<br>/n/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>n-<br>/n/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>p-<br>/p/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>p-<br>/p/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>s-<br>/s/

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>s-<br>/s/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>t-<br>/t/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>t-<br>/t/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>t’-<br>/t’/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th>t’-<br>/t’/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>tz-<br>/t͡s/

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th>tz-<br>/t͡s/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>tz’-<br>/t͡sʼ/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>tz’-<br>/t͡sʼ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>w-<br>/w/

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>w-<br>/w/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>x-<br>/ʃ/

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>x-<br>/ʃ/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>y-<br>/j/

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>y-<br>/j/

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>-u

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>Tomb of <a href="K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a>:

</p>

<caption>Transcription

</caption>

<th rowspan="2">Row

</th>

<th colspan="2">Glyphs

</th>

<th colspan="2">Reading

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>J

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>4

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>5

</th>

<td>1-WINAAK-ki</td>

<td><i>juʔn winaak</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>6

</th>

<td><i>pixoʔm</i></td>

<td><i>ʔusak hunal</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>7

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>8

</th>

<td><i>ʔutuʔp</i></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>9

</th>

<td>ʔu KOʔHAW wa</td>

<td>?[CHAAK] ...m</td>

<td><i>ʔukoʔhaw</i></td>

<td><i>Chaahk (‘GI’)</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>10

</th>

<td>SAK BALUʔN</td>

<td><i>Sak Baluʔn</i></td>

<td>–

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Text:</b> <i>Yak’aw ʔuk’uhul pik juʔn winaak pixoʔm ʔusak hunal ʔuʔh Yax K’ahk’ K’uh(?) ʔutuʔp k’uh(ul)? ...l ʔukoʔhaw Chaahk (‘GI’) Sak Baluʔn.</i><br>

<b>Translation:</b> «He gave the god clothing, [consisted of] twenty nine headgears, white ribbon, necklace, First Fire God’s earrings and God’s quadrilateral badge helmet, to Chaahk Sak-Balun».

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival">Revival</h2></div>

<p>In recent times, there has been an increased interest in reviving usage of the script. Various works have recently been both transliterated and created into the script, notably the transcription of the <a href="Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>, a record of <a href="K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a> religion, in 2018. Another example is the sculpting and writing of a modern <a href="Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> placed at <a href="Iximche" title="Iximche">Iximche</a> in 2012, describing the full historical record of the site dating back to the beginning of the <a href="Mayan_long_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan long count">Mayan long count</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 poem "Cigarra", by Martín Gómez Ramírez, was written entirely in <a href="Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a> using the script.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encoding">Computer encoding</h2></div>

<p>The Maya script can be represented as a custom downloadable primer's font <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has yet to be formally introduced into Unicode standards. With the renewed usage of Maya writing, digital encoding of the script has been of recent interest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A range of code points (U+15500–U+159FF) has been tentatively allocated for <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, but no detailed encoding proposal has been submitted yet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Script Encoding Initiative project of the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, was awarded a grant in June 2016 to create a proposal to the Unicode Consortium for layout and presentation mechanisms in Unicode text.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the proposal is still under development.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The goal of encoding Maya hieroglyphs in Unicode is to facilitate the <i>modern</i> use of the script. For representing the degree of flexibility and variation of <i>classical</i> Maya, the expressiveness of Unicode is insufficient (e.g., with regard to the representation of infixes, i.e., signs inserted into other signs), so, for philological applications, different technologies are required.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Mayan_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan numerals">Mayan numerals</a>, with values 0–19<sub>10</sub> creating a base-20 system, are encoded in block <a href="Mayan_Numerals_(Unicode_block)" title="Mayan Numerals (Unicode block)">Mayan Numerals</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vowel length and glottalization are not always indicated in common words like 'they are'.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSaturno,_William_A.,_David_Stuart,_and_Boris_Beltrán.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Saturno, William A., David Stuart, and Boris Beltrán. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanbartolo.org/science.pdf">"Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5765): <span class="nowrap">1281–</span>1283. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1281S">2006Sci...311.1281S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121745">10.1126/science.1121745</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400112">16400112</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46351994">46351994</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/science/10maya.html">"Symbols on the Wall Push Maya Writing Back by Years"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2006-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008">Breaking the Maya Code 2008</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonRobertsonStuart2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a>; Robertson, John; <a href="David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a> (2000). "The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions". <i><a href="Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>356. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300142">10.1086/300142</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768879">10768879</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:741601">741601</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 13.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202022_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202066-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202066_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 66.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202072-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202072_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 72.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz199831–64-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz199831–64_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz1998">Lacadena García-Gallo & Ciudad Ruiz 1998</a>, pp. 31–64.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berlin, H. (1958). "El Glifo Emblema en las inscripciones Maya". <i>Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris</i> (in Spanish). <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>119.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1973" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, J. (1 June 1973). "Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya". <i>Science</i>. <b>180</b> (4089): <span class="nowrap">911–</span>916. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...180..911M">1973Sci...180..911M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.180.4089.911">10.1126/science.180.4089.911</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17735911">17735911</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37509459">37509459</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1991-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews1991_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathews1991">Mathews 1991</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouston1986-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouston1986_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouston1986">Houston 1986</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouston199397–101-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouston199397–101_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouston1993">Houston 1993</a>, pp. 97–101.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTokovinine2006" class="citation conference cs1">Tokovinine, A. (December 2006). <i>People from a place: re-interpreting Classic Maya "Emblem Glyphs"</i>. 11th European Maya Conference "Ecology, Power, and Religion in Maya Landscapes". Malmö University, Sweden.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGronemeyer2009" class="citation conference cs1">Gronemeyer, S. (2009). "Maya Political Relations and Strategies". In Źrałka, Jarosław; Koszkul, Wiesław; Golińska, Beata (eds.). <i>Contributions in New World Archaeology</i>. The 14th European Maya Conference. Vol. 4. Cracow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności and Uniwersytet Jagielloński (published 2012). pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>40.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information panel in the Museo Regional de Antropología in Mérida (state of Yucatán), visited on 2010-08-04</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaturnoStuartBeltrán20061281–1283-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaturnoStuartBeltrán20061281–1283_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaturnoStuartBeltrán2006">Saturno, Stuart & Beltrán 2006</a>, pp. 1281–1283.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1992preface-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1992preface_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoe1992">Coe 1992</a>, preface.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2002). <i>Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered- Scripts</i>. New York City: Nevraumont Publishing Company. p. 122.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004294_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, p. 294.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Constantine Rafinesque</a> (1832) "Philology. Second letter to Mr. Champollion on the graphic systems of America, and the glyphs of Otolum or Palenque, in Central America – Elements of the glyphs," <i>Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge</i>, <b>1</b> (2) : 40–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104571#page/50/mode/1up">From p. 42:</a> "This page of Demotic has letters and numbers, these represented by strokes meaning 5 and dots meaning unities as the dots never exceed 4."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-Valentinovich-Knorozov">"Yury Valentinovich Knorozov | Russian linguist"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCordy1946" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Napoleon_Cordy" title="Napoleon Cordy">Cordy, N.</a> (1946). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/abs/examples-of-phonetic-construction-in-maya-hieroglyphs/0D2624C68F64AE90DC5351E35AB65C8D">"Examples of Phonetic Construction in Maya Hieroglyphs"</a></span>. <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>117. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275343">10.2307/275343</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/275343">275343</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesoamerica.narod.ru/knorozov.html">Yuri Knorozov</a></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h.120-bal.ru/istoriya/18884/index.html">"Ершова Г. Г. Юрий Валентинович Кнорозов // Портреты историков. Время и судьбы. М., Наука, 2004. С. 474–491"</a>. <i>h.120-bal.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.nightfirefilms.org/breakingthemayacode/interviews/JosserandHopkinsTRANSCRIPT.pdf">"Josserand, Hopkins interview transcript"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nightfirefilms.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Docs.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke2020-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke2020_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20248-mayan-update.pdf">"Updated List of Characters for Mayan Codices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPitts,_Mark2008" class="citation web cs1">Pitts, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/pitts/MayaGlyphsBook1Sect1.pdf">"Writing in Maya Glyphs: Names, Places, & Simple Sentences : A Non-Technical Introduction to Maya Glyphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FAMSI. pp. s. 16–22.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matsumoto, Mallory E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0185-2574%2815%2930008-3">"La estela de Iximche' en el contexto de la revitalización lingüística y la recuperación jeroglífica en las comunidades mayas de guatemala"</a> [The stela of Iximche 'in the context of linguistic revitalization and hieroglyphic recovery in the Mayan communities of Guatemala]. <i>Estudios de Cultura Maya</i> (in Spanish). <b>45</b> (45): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>258. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0185-2574%2815%2930008-3">10.1016/S0185-2574(15)30008-3</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2016/02/13/oja-cigarra.html">"Ojarasca-Xikitin/Cigarra Un poema tseltal en glifos mayas"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFranziska_DiehrSven_GronemeyerElisabeth_WagnerChristian_Prager2018" class="citation conference cs1">Franziska Diehr; Sven Gronemeyer; Elisabeth Wagner; Christian Prager; Katja Diederichs; Uwe Sikora; Maximilian Brodhun; Nikolai Grube (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208125552/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1965/0e9b45f8542d4b459e4a48d47d51d322fa32.pdf"><i>Modelling vagueness – A criteria-based system for the qualitative assessment of reading proposals for the deciphering of Classic Mayan hieroglyphs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods in the Humanities 2018. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>44. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67865187">67865187</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1965/0e9b45f8542d4b459e4a48d47d51d322fa32.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-02-08.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

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<li><cite id="CITEREFCoe1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0"><i>Breaking the Maya Code</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-500-05061-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGronemeyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Gronemeyer, Sven (2012). "Statements of Identity: Emblem Glyphs in the Nexus of Political Relations". In Jarosław Źrałka; Wiesław Koszkul; Beata Golińska (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2088991"><i>Maya Political Relations and Strategies. Proceedings of the 14th European Maya Conference, Cracow, 2009</i></a>. Contributions in New World Archaeology. Vol. 4. Cracow: Polska Akademia Umiejętności and Uniwersytet Jagielloński. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>40.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Guéguen-Leclair, Guy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mayasite.pagesperso-orange.fr/index.htm"><i>Écriture maya. L'Alphabet consonantique dans les anciens textes mayas</i></a> (Research papers).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHouston1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a> (1993). <i>Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya</i>. Austin: <a href="University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-73855-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFLacadena_García-GalloCiudad_Ruiz1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso; Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés (1998). "Reflexiones sobre la estructura política maya clásica". In Andrés Ciudad Ruiz; Yolanda Fernández Marquínez; José Miguel García Campillo; Maria Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León; Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo; Luis T. Sanz Castro (eds.). <i>Anatomía de una Civilización: Aproximaciones Interdisciplinarias a la Cultura Maya</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>84-923545-0-X</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFde_Landa1566" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">de Landa, Diego</a> (1566) [From 1958 Porrua edition, with page numbers in parentheses]. Prager, Christian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/landa.pdf">"Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatán"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (published 2002) – via Wayeb.org.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBreaking_the_Maya_Code2008" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Lebrun, David (Director) Guthrie, Rosey (producer) (2008). <i>Breaking the Maya Code</i> (Documentary). Night Fire Films. <a href="ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B2U1BE">B001B2U1BE</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathews1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Peter_Mathews_(archaeologist)" title="Peter Mathews (archaeologist)">Mathews, Peter</a> (1991). "Classic Maya emblem glyphs". In Culvert, T. Patrick (ed.). <i>Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence</i>. School of American Research Advanced Seminars. Cambridge and New York: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>29. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-39210-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Joyce_Marcus" title="Joyce Marcus">Marcus, Joyce</a> (1976). <i>Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: an Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization</i>. Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Pre-Columbian Studies. Washington D.C.: <a href="Dumbarton_Oaks_Research_Library_and_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection">Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection</a>, <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88402-066-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Montgomery_(art_historian)" title="John Montgomery (art historian)">Montgomery, John</a> (2004). <i>How to Read Maya Hieroglyphs</i>. Hippocrene Practical Dictionaries. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7818-1020-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Montgomery_(art_historian)" title="John Montgomery (art historian)">Montgomery, John</a> (2002). <i>Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs</i>. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7818-0862-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaturnoStuartBeltrán2006" class="citation journal cs1">Saturno, William A.; <a href="David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a>; Beltrán, Boris (3 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanbartolo.org/science.pdf">"Early Maya writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> <i>Science</i> Express republ.)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5765): <span class="nowrap">1281–</span>3. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1281S">2006Sci...311.1281S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121745">10.1126/science.1121745</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400112">16400112</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46351994">46351994</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-15</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScheleMiller1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a>; <a href="Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Miller, Mary Ellen</a> (1992) [1986]. <i>Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art</i>. Justin Kerr (photographer) (reprint ed.). New York: George Braziller. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8076-1278-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScheleFreidel1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a>; Freidel, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche"><i>A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya</i></a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-688-07456-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSoustelle1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Soustelle, Jacques</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/olmecsoldestcivi0000sous"><i>The Olmecs: The Oldest Civilization in Mexico</i></a></span>. New York: Doubleday and Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-385-17249-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStuartHouston1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a>; <a href="Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a> (1994). <i>Classic Maya Place Names</i>. Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology Series. Vol. 33. Washington D.C.: <a href="Dumbarton_Oaks_Research_Library_and_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection">Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection</a>, <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88402-209-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTedlock2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Dennis_Tedlock" title="Dennis Tedlock">Tedlock, Dennis</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2000yearsofmayan0000tedl"><i>2000 Years of Mayan Literature</i></a></span>. California: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-520-23221-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThompson1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Eric_Sidney_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Eric Sidney Thompson">Thompson, John Eric Sidney</a> (1978). <i>Maya hieroglyphic writing: An introduction (Civilization of the American Indian series)</i>. California: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8061095-8-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVan_Stone2010" class="citation book cs1">Van Stone, Mark L (2010). <i>2012: Science and Prophecy of the Ancient Maya</i>. California: Tlacaelel Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9826826-0-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maya_glyphs" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Maya glyphs">Maya glyphs</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

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.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

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<ul><li>The European Association of Mayanists (Wayeb) has resources, including full books, on their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayeb.org/resources-links/">Electronic Resources page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/palenque/glyphs/temple_inscriptions/">A partial transcription, transliteration, and translation of the Temple of Inscriptions text by Michael D. Carrasco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901074300/http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/palenque/glyphs/temple_inscriptions/">Archived</a> 2006-09-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary.pdf">A Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/">FAMSI resources on Maya Hieroglyphic writing</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613162647/http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_writing.htm">Maya Writing in: Guatemala, Cradle of the Maya Civilization</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023144055/http://www.gockelmayatheory.com/">Wolfgang Gockel's morphemic interpretation of the glyphs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24">Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062939/http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1210">Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTalakh_Viktor2011" class="citation web cs1">Talakh Viktor (2011-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829072232/http://bloknot.info/gfe/view.php?file=Textos/Maya/Talakh_Viktor_Introduction_to_hieroglyphic_script_of_the_Maya_manual_ukr_2010.pdf">"Introduction to hieroglyphic script of the Maya. Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloknot.info/gfe/view.php?file=Textos/Maya/Talakh_Viktor_Introduction_to_hieroglyphic_script_of_the_Maya_manual_ukr_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-08-29.</cite> (in Ukrainian)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mayacode/time-nf.html">Time Line of Decipherment</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>

<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>

<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Blindness organizations</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Schools for the blind</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems_of_the_Americas59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_systems_of_the_Americas59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">pre-Columbian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logography" class="mw-redirect" title="Logography">Logographies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-logographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian script</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a> (<a href="Mesoamerican_writing_systems#Abaj_Takalik_and_Kaminaljuyú_scripts" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Abaj Takalik & Kaminaljuyú scripts</a>, <a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a>, <a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">post-Columbian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>

<li><a href="Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">SENĆOŦEN alphabet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook writing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret alphabet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot Syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Dakelh Syllabics (Dʌlk'ʷahke or ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> Syllabics</li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western Cree syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Somacheirographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">